2023-2024年竞赛题目
第一题：人工智能
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have the potential to affect growth, inequality, productivity, innovation, and employment. OpenAI’s ChatGPT, in particular, has greatly increased public awareness about the significance of AI and its implications for the future. What impact will the development of AI have on economic inequality, the composition of the workforce, and economic output as a whole? How can nations prepare for the micro and macroeconomic changes brought about by AI?
人工智能 （AI） 的进步有可能影响增长、不平等、生产力、创新和就业。特别是 OpenAI 的 ChatGPT，极大地提高了公众对人工智能的重要性及其对未来影响的认识。人工智能的发展将对经济不平等、劳动力构成和整体经济产出产生什么影响？各国如何为人工智能带来的微观和宏观经济变化做好准备？
第二题：经济指标
Measuring national and global economic activity allows us to understand how economies change in size and structure—how they grow and contract. In addition to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), government budgets, and the money supply, alternatives like the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross National Income (GNI) are used to assess economic progress. What are the advantages of our current economic indices, including GDP, HDI, GNI, government budgets, and the money supply, and in what areas are they lacking? Which of these indices do you find most helpful, and how can we enhance or combine them to improve our understanding of economic measurement?
通过衡量国家和全球经济活动，我们可以了解经济的规模和结构如何变化，即它们如何增长和收缩。除了国内生产总值 （GDP）、政府预算和货币供应量外，人类发展指数 （HDI） 和国民总收入 （GNI） 等替代方案也被用来评估经济发展。我们目前的经济指数，包括GDP、HDI、GNI、政府预算和货币供应量，有哪些优势？它们在哪些方面有所欠缺？您认为这些指数中哪一个最有帮助，我们如何加强或结合这些指数以提高我们对经济计量的理解？
第三题：收入再分配
Proponents of income redistribution support the idea that redistribution policies will increase economic stability and give more opportunities to the less wealthy. Others, however, are more skeptical and believe it could have negative consequences for economic growth. Current methods of redistribution include taxation, welfare, public services, and other monetary policies. What strategies for income redistribution should the U.S. adopt from other countries? What economic impacts could a wealth tax or super millionaire tax have? What type of redistribution is most effective and feasible? What would be the impacts of the U.S. enacting universal basic income? Discuss the implications of any of these issues and feel free to expand on other areas of economic redistribution.
收入再分配的支持者认为，再分配政策将增加经济稳定性，并为较不富裕的人提供更多机会。然而，也有人持怀疑态度，认为这可能会对经济增长产生负面影响。目前的再分配方法包括税收、福利、公共服务和其他货币政策。美国应借鉴其他国家的哪些收入再分配策略？财富税或超级百万富翁税会对经济产生什么影响？哪种类型的再分配最有效、最可行？美国实施全民基本收入制度将产生什么影响？请讨论这些问题的影响，并随意扩展经济再分配的其他领域。
第四题：中美贸易战
As the United States weighs the impacts of China’s rise to global prominence, economics and national security have become increasingly intertwined. As a result, the United States government has imposed both tariffs and investment restrictions on China to limit the nation’s access to both US markets and intellectual property (specifically in sensitive industries such as semiconductors). What are the economic implications of these policies for United States firms, consumers, and workers? Discuss the most important perspectives of the US-China trade war and provide suggestions on how both countries can manage the prospect of a changing economic order.
当美国权衡中国崛起对全球的影响时，经济和国家安全之间的关系变得越来越紧密相关。因此，美国政府对中国实施了关税和投资限制，以限制中国进入美国市场和知识产权（特别是在半导体等敏感行业）。这些政策对美国公司、消费者和工人有何经济影响？请讨论中美贸易战最重要的观点，并就两国如何应对经济秩序变化的前景提出建议。
2022-2023年竞赛题目
题目1：关键词-生育率
In recent years and decades, many countries have seen fertility rates drop, potentially leading to falling populations. Currently, China has a fertility rate of 1.3, one of the lowest in the world. However, in 2021, China experienced GDP growth of 8% with output totaling $17.7 trillion. Will this lowered fertility rate (with potential to fall further) affect China’s economic growth and policy? How so? What, if anything, can the Chinese government do to limit the risk of falling fertility rates?
近年来，许多国家的生育率下降，这可能导致人口锐减。目前，中国的生育率为1.3，是世界上生育率最低的国家之一。然而，2021年中国GDP增长8%，总产值达17.7万亿美元。生育率的下降（及进一步下降的可能）会影响中国的经济增长和政策吗？将带来怎样的影响？中国政府可以采取哪些措施来应对生育率下降所带来的风险？
题目2：关键词-房价
U.S. mortgage rates recently passed 7%, making the purchase of a new home increasingly unaffordable. Meanwhile, the United States has suffered from a chronic shortage of available housing for decades, particularly in urban areas, leading to what many scholars and advocates call an affordability crisis. Why is housing so unaffordable in the U.S.? What can (or should) be done by private actors, state and local governments, and the federal government to alleviate the affordability crisis?
美国抵押贷款利率最近已超过了7%，使得人们购买新房的负担越来越大。与此同时，几十年来美国的可用住房长期短缺，尤其是城市地区，从而出现了许多学者和专家所说的负担能力危机。为什么美国的房价如此昂贵？个人、州和地方政府以及联邦政府能够（或应该）做些什么来缓解负担能力危机？
题目3：关键词-环境健康
It is often suggested that a tradeoff exists between economic growth and the health of the environment, especially now as the threat of climate change becomes more dire. What economic risks does a changing climate pose? Can economic growth be consistent with a healthy environment? What policies, either market-based or otherwise, should governments enact to protect the environment while posing the least danger to economic efficiency?
人们常常认为，在经济增长和环境健康之间存在着一种平衡，这一点在气候变化影响愈发可怕的今天尤其突出。气候变化会带来怎样的经济风险？经济增长能否与环境健康相一致？无论是基于市场还是其他因素，政府应该制定什么样的政策来保护环境，同时将对经济效率的危害降到最小？
题目4：关键词-通货膨胀
Central banks such as the Federal Reserve in the U.S. and the Bank of England in the UK manage their nation’s macroeconomies with the goal of ensuring price stability and maximum employment. Globally, inflation rates are rising to levels not seen since the 1980s, particularly in the U.S. and European countries. To what extent should the monetary policies of central banks in various Western countries differ or resemble one another as a reaction to the specific causes of inflation facing their economies?
美国的美联储和英国的英格兰银行等中央银行管控着本国的宏观经济，其目标是确保物价稳定和最大限度的就业。在全球范围内，通货膨胀率逐渐上升至上世纪80年来以来的新高水平，尤其是美国和欧洲国家。不同西方国家的中央银行货币政策应保持何种程度的异同，以应对其经济所面临的通货膨胀具体原因？
2022-2021年竞赛题目
题目1：
The current national debt of the United States stands at roughly $29 trillion, a value greater than the GDP. Some argue that this mountain of debt constitutes an economic threat. Others reassure the public that debt is no cause for concern. Is the national debt a matter for concern, and why or why not?
美国目前的国债约为29万亿美元，比国内生产总值还要高。一些人认为，堆积如山的债务构成了经济威胁。其他人则向公众保证，债务问题没有什么值得担心的。国家债务问题值得关注吗？为什么？
题目2：
As governments around the world struggled to control the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, international trade took a massive blow as it experienced unprecedented production chain disruptions. How did such disruptions affect varying economic agents – from individuals to entire nations? What can be done to temper current shocks and prevent future ones?
在世界各国政府努力控制新冠疫情的影响之际，国际贸易遭受了巨大打击，它经历了前所未有的生产链中断打击。这种破坏是如何影响到从个人到国家不同的经济主体的？我们能做些什么来缓和当前的冲击并防止未来的冲击呢？
题目3：
The Sherman Act of 1890 outlaws "every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade," and any "monopolization, attempted monopolization, or conspiracy or combination to monopolize." Over a century after it was adopted, the Sherman Act still actively informs United States antitrust policy. However, many lawmakers are now considering redefining these policies. Is antitrust regulation outdated and in need of modernization? What new policies, if any, should legislators propose? How will these changes affect markets?
1890年的《谢尔曼法案》（Sherman Act）宣布“任何限制贸易的合同、组合或阴谋”以及任何“垄断、企图垄断、共谋或联合垄断”均为非法。在《谢尔曼法》被采纳一个多世纪后，它仍然积极地指导着美国的反垄断政策。然而，许多议员现在正在考虑重新定义这些政策。反垄断监管是否已经过时，是否需要现代化？如果有新的政策，立法者应该提出什么新政策？这些变化将如何影响市场？
题目4：
The rise of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), in addition to existing forms of decentralized cryptocurrencies, could eventually shape the way global finance is conducted through technology. This spells significant economic and political repercussions, especially as non-US countries such as China implement CBDCs to varying extents. In light of these developments, how should the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, or other institutions and governments proceed with the development of CBDCs in their respective economies?
央行数字货币（CBDCs）的崛起，以及现有形式的去中心化加密货币，最终可能会塑造出一种基于技术的全球金融方式。这将带来重大的经济和政治影响，尤其是在中国等非美国国家不同程度地实施CBDC的情况下。鉴于这些发展，美联储、欧洲中央银行或其他机构和政府应如何在各自的经济中发展CBDC?
2021-2020年竞赛题目
题目1：
The 2020 coronavirus pandemic has massively disrupted global markets, policy decision making, and day-to-day human experience. In what ways has the pandemic impacted markets? How have your economic relationships, and market interactions been impacted? What policy work is needed to combat the economic stress? How will markets, trade, and decision making be impacted after the pandemic is resolved?
2020年新冠肺炎疫情的蔓延极大地扰乱了全球市场、政策决策和人类日常生活。疫情在哪些方面影响了市场？你的经济关系、市场互动受到了怎样的影响？应对经济压力需要哪些政策工作？疫情结束后，市场、贸易和决策将受到怎样的影响？
题目2：
Traditional economic theory tells us individuals use rational calculations to make rational decisions. However, recent behavioral economics research suggests actors in markets do not always make rational decisions. In what ways can people make suboptimal decisions? What are the implications of these decisions? How can markets or governments correct for these inefficiencies?
传统的经济学理论告诉我们：个体利用理性计算做出理性决策。然而，最近的行为经济学研究表明，市场参与者并不总是做出理性的决策。人们可以通过什么方式作出次优决定？这些决策的影响是什么？市场或政府如何纠正这些低效现象？
题目3：
Secular stagnation describes a prolonged period of low economic growth. Many economists believe the United States is currently facing (and will continue to face) secular stagnation. Why has secular stagnation occurred in the United States? Is secular stagnation permanent? How can the United States increase its growth over the long term?
长期停滞是指长期的低经济增长。许多经济学家认为，美国目前正面临（并将继续面临）长期停滞。为什么美国会出现长期停滞？长期停滞是永久性的吗？美国如何才能长期提高经济增长？
题目4：
The advancement of technology, artificial intelligence, and robot techniques will rapidly change the labor market as we know it. Many workers are predicted to be permanently displaced. What are the implications of this rapid increase in technological innovation? What can be done to meet the needs of the millions of displaced workers?
技术、人工智能和机器人技术的进步将迅速改变我们所知道的劳动力市场。据预测，许多工人将会永久失业。这种技术创新的快速增长会带来什么影响？如何才能满足数百万流离失所工人的需求？